Esophageal cancer is a cancer that occurs in the esophagus. The esophagus is the long, hollow tube that moves food and liquid from the back of your throat to your stomach to be digested. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective tissue. Esophageal cancer starts in the inner lining and spreads outward through the other layers as it grows.

The two most common forms of esophageal cancer are:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (also called epidermoid carcinoma): Cancer that forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the esophagus. This cancer can occur anywhere along the esophagus, however, it is most often found in the upper and middle part of the esophagus.
  • Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that begins in glandular cells, which produce and release fluids such as mucus. Adenocarcinomas usually begin in the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach.

Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Esophageal Cancer

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The specific causes of esophageal cancer remain uncertain. However, there are various factors that can increase your risk of developing the disease.

Detecting and Diagnosing Esophageal Cancer

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Doctors use imaging tests, blood tests, and an endoscopy with a biopsy to diagnose esophageal cancer. Learn more about the tests and what they entail.

Treating Esophageal Cancer

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You and your oncologist will work together to decide on the cancer treatment that’s best for you, based on the stage of your esophageal cancer and other factors. Treatment options can include:

  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemoradiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Laser therapy
  • Electrocoagulation