Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer FAQs

What is gastrointestinal cancer?

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer refers to cancers that affect the digestive system, which includes:

  • Esophageal cancer: Cancer located in the esophagus, the hollow, muscular tube that runs from the throat to the stomach
  • Pancreatic cancer: Cancer found in the pancreas, the lower part of the stomach
  • Stomach (gastric) cancer: Cancer that originates in the cells lining the stomach
  • Colon and rectal cancers (colorectal): Cancer affecting the colon or rectum at the lower end of the digestive tract
  • Anal cancer: Cancer in the tissues of the anus, located at the end of the large intestine
  • Liver cancer: Cancer that begins in the liver cells
  • Biliary tract cancer: Cancer that develops in the bile ducts, which can be located inside or outside the liver
  • Gallbladder cancer: Cancer that starts in the gallbladder, located just below the liver
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): Rare cancers that develop in the digestive tract
  • Small intestine cancer: Cancer affecting the small intestine, a long tube connecting the stomach to the large intestine
At Compass Oncology, our GI cancer oncologists offer the most advanced treatments and surgery techniques. Request an appointment for a consultation.

What treatment options are available for my specific type of GI cancer?

Since "GI cancer" refers to a group of cancers affecting the gastrointestinal system, treatments vary by the specific diagnosis. Often, a combination of treatments is required for the best outcome. Compass Oncology GI cancer doctors will review your specific diagnosis, the stage of cancer, and other factors, such as biomarker test results, to select the most appropriate treatments. Usually, a few treatments are included in the plan, which is individualized for each patient. 

  • Chemotherapy drugs destroy cancer cells along with healthy cells. However, they have proven effective at stopping cancer growth. 
  • Targeted therapy drugs target specific genetic mutations or proteins contributing to cancer growth in the body. 
  • Immunotherapy uses your body's own immune system to fight cancer with natural or lab-made substances.
  • Radiation therapy can be used to shrink tumors before surgery or to treat the area where cancer was removed to kill any cancer cells left behind. 
  • Surgery is often used to remove the cancer. The oncologist and the GI surgeon will work together to determine if surgery is possible and whether treatments will need to be given beforehand. If surgery to completely remove the cancer isn’t possible, the surgeon may recommend palliative surgery to relieve pain or other symptoms.

At Compass Oncology, every GI cancer patient receives comprehensive care, including access to a surgical oncologist. Our multidisciplinary team of GI cancer specialist collaborate to develop a personalized treatment plan and determine whether the tumor is resectable (removable).

What is biomarker testing for GI cancers?

Biomarker testing for gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is performed to identify specific genes, proteins, or other substances that may be influencing the cancer’s growth. GI cancers with available biomarker tests include stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon and rectal cancer, and esophageal cancer. If a biomarker is found in the tumor sample, a specific drug may be available to counteract it, slowing the growth of cancer. Your oncologist will discuss this with you as part of an overall treatment plan.

Are gastrointestinal cancers hereditary?

Only a small percentage (about 5-10%) of gastrointestinal cancers are hereditary. Certain conditions may increase the risk of developing GI cancer, including Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

If you or a loved one was diagnosed with a GI cancer, your oncologist at Compass Oncology will discuss genetic counseling and testing based on your family history. Hereditary cancer syndromes can influence treatment decisions and screening recommendations. Genetic testing and early screening may also benefit family members who wish to assess their own risk.

Where do GI cancers spread to?

Gastrointestinal cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body if they move beyond their original site. Distant locations where gastrointestinal cancers may spread include the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity), and, in some cases, the brain. Certain GI cancers, including colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, are known to spread to the liver. The location of metastasis can affect the symptoms you experience and the recommended treatment approaches.

What are some of the more common side effects of gastrointestinal cancer treatment?

The side effects of GI cancer treatment vary depending on the specific therapies you receive and how your body responds to them. Common side effects include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bowel issues such as constipation or diarrhea. Some treatments, such as chemotherapy for colorectal cancer, may also cause numbness or tingling in the hands and feet. Learn more about the side effects of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer treatment. 

Will I lose my hair from gastrointestinal cancer chemotherapy?

Most people assume they will lose their hair with cancer treatment. However, not all drugs for GI cancers have this side effect. You may, however, experience hair thinning. Talk to your oncologist about the specific side effects of your drugs and if scalp cooling during treatment is recommended. Typically, hair grows back after treatment ends. 

Would I benefit from enrolling in a clinical trial for my cancer?

Clinical trials provide access to new treatment options for gastrointestinal cancers, allowing many patients to try innovative therapies or investigational drugs that aren’t yet available outside the study. This includes new targeted therapies designed for tumors with specific biomarkers.

Compass Oncology participates in several GI clinical trials through its partnership with Sarah Cannon Research Institute (SCRI). While not every patient is eligible to participate in a clinical trial, our team is here to guide you and make recommendations if you qualify. If you are considering a clinical trial, it is important to discuss your options with your oncologist. 

How experienced is my Compass Oncology care team with treating gastrointestinal cancers?

For over 25 years, Compass Oncology has provided outstanding cancer treatment to patients throughout Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. Our board-certified cancer oncologists are highly trained and respected leaders in GI cancer care and research. Our multidisciplinary team also includes surgeons specializing in gastrointestinal cancer. We are committed to delivering the best possible personal experience by offering support, compassion, and expertise. Meet our GI cancer specialists.

How much will gastrointestinal cancer treatment cost?

At Compass Oncology, you will receive quality, comprehensive care using the latest technologies, often at a more affordable price. According to the Community Oncology Alliance, patients can save up to 50% by receiving treatment at an independent cancer center like Compass Oncology, compared to a hospital-affiliated outpatient department.

Before starting any treatment, our financial counselors will meet with you after reviewing your insurance plan's cancer benefits to ensure you understand what will be covered and what out-of-pocket expenses you can expect.